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Nationalism, in the context of China, refers to the collective identity and unity of the Chinese people, driven by their shared history, culture, and political goals. It has evolved over centuries, shaped by both internal and external factors, such as the country's turbulent past, colonial interventions, and the rise of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Chinese nationalism today can be seen in various forms—ranging from the celebration of historical figures to the use of symbols that represent the country’s sovereignty and unity. The definition and expression of nationalism are continually evolving, as they respond to both domestic and global issues. In this article, we will explore two key examples of nationalism in China, looking at how they manifest both today and in the history of the 20th century.
Nationalism in China Today: The Rise of Nationalist Sentiment
In modern China, nationalism is often expressed through the celebration of Chinese achievements, historical figures, and cultural icons. One of the key expressions of this nationalism is through state-sponsored propaganda, which emphasizes the country’s growth, achievements, and military power. Nationalism today is tied closely to the notion of national rejuvenation—a term often used by Chinese President Xi Jinping to describe the restoration of China to its rightful place as a global power.
One of the most prominent examples of nationalism in China today is the emphasis on territorial integrity, especially regarding Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the South China Sea. The Chinese government has made it clear that the reunification of Taiwan with the mainland is a primary goal, and this has been a core element of Chinese nationalism since the Chinese Civil War (1945-1949) led to the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) on the mainland and the Republic of China (ROC) government retreating to Taiwan.
# Territorial Integrity and Taiwan
The issue of Taiwan is central to the narrative of Chinese nationalism. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has consistently maintained that Taiwan is a part of China and that any move towards Taiwan independence is a threat to China's sovereignty. This sentiment is enshrined in the country's Nationalism and Patriotism Campaigns, which have grown in intensity in recent years. These campaigns are promoted through educational materials, media, and even public speeches by Chinese leaders, all of which reaffirm the goal of eventual reunification with Taiwan. The CCP uses Taiwan’s status as a symbol of China's historical and territorial integrity, and any foreign influence over Taiwan is often seen as an affront to the country's dignity.
In popular culture, nationalism is also evident in public opinion. Patriotic songs, films, and media portray the idealized narrative of a unified China, while portrayals of Taiwan as an inseparable part of the nation bolster the idea that the reunification process is inevitable. The Chinese government has also used economic and military power to assert its position on the Taiwan issue, frequently conducting military drills near Taiwan and imposing diplomatic pressure on countries and organizations to prevent the recognition of Taiwan as a sovereign nation.
# The Belt and Road Initiative
Another example of contemporary Chinese nationalism is the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), a massive infrastructure and economic development project spearheaded by China. The BRI, launched in 2013 by President Xi Jinping, aims to connect China to countries across Asia, Africa, and Europe, and it is framed as a means of restoring China’s historical role as a central economic power. The BRI is an expression of Chinese nationalism because it represents China's ambition to revive the ancient Silk Road and to assert its influence on the global stage.
The BRI promotes the idea of a "China-centric" world order, where China is not only an economic leader but also a dominant political force. It reflects national pride in China's historical legacy and the idea that the country’s economic rise is a natural consequence of its resurgence. This initiative also serves to strengthen China’s relationships with neighboring countries and reshape global trade routes to favor Chinese influence, thereby increasing China's presence and power in international affairs.
National Personification of China: The Role of the Chinese Leader
Nationalism in China is also personified through the figure of the Chinese leader. Throughout history, leaders have played a pivotal role in shaping the country’s nationalist identity. In modern times, this personification is particularly evident through the figure of Xi Jinping, the current General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and President of the People's Republic of China. Xi has worked to consolidate power and assert his personal influence over the state and its ideology, making his leadership a symbol of Chinese nationalism.
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